Vocabulary

Ch. 8 Vocabulary:

Sect. 1

1. Scholar-gentry: In China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service.
2. Dowry: a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife.
3. Complexity:the state of being complex or of having many intricate parts
4. Period:an interval of time

Sect. 2

1. Neo-Confucianism: a revised form of Confucianism that evolved as a response to Buddhism and held sway in China from the late Tang dynasty to the end of the dynastic system in the twentieth century.
2. Acquired: came into possession or control of

Sect. 3

1. Samurai: “those who serve”, Japanese warriors similar to the knights of medievalEurope
2. Shogun: “general”, a powerful military leader inJapan
3. Revenue: the yield of sources of income that a nation or state collects and deposits into its treasury for public use
4. Code: a system of principles or rules

Sect. 4

1. Theravada: “the teachings of the elders”, a school of Buddhism that developed inIndia; its followers view Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion, centered on individual salvation.
2. Retained: kept in possession or use
3. Traditional: established, customary

Sect. 5

1. Archipelago: a chain of islands
2. Agricultural society: a group of people whose economy is largely based on farming
3. Trading society: a group of people who depend primarily on trade for income
4. Region: a broad geographic area distinguished by similar features
5. Area: a geographic region.

Ch. 11 Vocabulary
Sect. 1

1. longhouse: Iroquis house about 150 to 200 feet long built of wooden poles covered with sheets of bark and housing about a dozen families.
2. clan: a group of related families.
3. tepee: a circular tent made by stretching buffalo skins over wooden poles.
4. adobe: sun-dried brick.
5. pueblo: a multi-storied structure of the Anasazi that could house up to 250 people.

Sect. 2

1. hieroglyph: a picture or symbol used in a hieroglyphic system of writing.
2. tribute: goods or money paid by conquered peoples to their conquerors.

Sect. 3

1. maize: corn
2. quipu: a system of knotted strings used by the Inca people for keeping records.

Ch. 12 Vocabulary (This Vocabulary is in a form of a PPT which can be found here or under PPT on 4/20)



Ch. 13 Vocabulary

Sect. 1

1. conquistadors: a Spanish conqueror of theAmericas.
2. encomienda: a system of labor the Spanish used in theAmericas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers.
3. Columbian Exchange: the extensive exchange of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Sect. 2

1. colony: a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control.
2. mercantilism: a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver.
3. balance of trade: the difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time.
4. subsidies: aiding or promoting with public money.
5. plantations: a large agricultural estate.
6. triangular trade: a pattern of trade that connected Europe, Africa and the American continents; typically, manufactured goods fro Europe were sent to Africa where they were exchanged for enslaved persons, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe.
7. Middle Passage: the journey of enslaved persons from Africa to theAmericas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route.

Sect. 3

1. peninsulares: a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned toEurope.
2. creoles: a person of European descent born in theNew World and living there permanently
3. mestizos: a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent
4. mulattoes: a person of mixed African and European descent
5. mita: a labor system that the Spanish administrators inPeruused to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners’ silver mines.

Ch.17 Vocabulary
Sect. 1

1. geocentric: literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it.
2. heliocentric: literally, sun-centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planes revolve around the sun.
3. universal law of gravitation: one of the three rules of motion governing the planetary bodies set forth by Sir Isaac Newton in his Principia; it explains that planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits bout the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.
4. rationalism: a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief on the belied that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
5. scientific method: a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.
6. inductive reasoning: the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles.

Sect. 2:

1. philosophe: French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals
2. separation of powers: a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances.
3. deism: an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.
4. laissez-faire: literally, “let [people] do [what they want]”; the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone
5. social contract: the concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community.
6. salon: the elegant drawing rooms of great urban houses where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes, helping to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Sect. 3:

1. enlightened absolutism: a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.
2. rococo: an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730’s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action.

Ch.19 Vocabulary

Sect. 1

1. enclosure movement: in Great Britainduring the 1700’s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town.
2. capital: money available for investment
3. entrepreneurs: a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
4. cottage industry: a method of production in which tasks are done by individual in their rural homes.
5. puddling: process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron
6. industrial capitalism: an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing
7. socialism: a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Sect. 2

1. Conservatism: a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
2. principle of intervention: idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments.
3. liberalism: a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties – the basic rights of all people – should be protected.
4. universal male suffrage: the right of all males to vote in elections
5. multinational state: a state in which people of many nationalities live

Sect. 3

1. militarism: reliance to the armed forces or to soldiers, arms, or war
2. Kaiser: German for “Caesar” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
3. plebiscite: a popular vote
4. emancipation: the act of setting free
5. abolitionism: a movement to end slavery
6. secede: withdraw

Sect. 4

1. Romanticism: an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it is stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
2. Secularization: indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
3. organic evolution: the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms.
4. natural selection: the principles set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms “survival of the fittest”
5. realism: mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower and middle class life as it actually was